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Introduction
History: from cardboard to a computer
Lesson 0. Gates from transistors: for those who start from scratch
0.1. The idea: a transistor is a switch
0.2. Building
0.3. Check
Lesson 0 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 1. The ALU and register A: a calculator on switches
1.1. The idea: one action per clock
1.2. The idea: one adder for four operations
1.3. The idea: flags are the memory of the result
1.4. Building
1.5. Checking
Lesson 1 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 2. The program counter and ROM: lights by the program
2.1. The idea: a program is a list of commands
2.2. The idea: jumps and a subroutine
2.3. Building
2.4. Checking
Lesson 2 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 3. RAM from latches: a light through memory
3.1. The idea: the address is in the command
3.2. The idea: a latch writes while it is open
3.3. The idea: memory at power-on is garbage
3.4. Building
3.5. Checking
Lesson 3 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 4. Loops and conditions: multiplication by repeated addition
4.1. The idea: a counter down to zero
4.2. The program
4.3. Checking
Lesson 5. The IO wire and the card tester: echo
5.1. The idea: one wire for two
5.2. The idea: a byte bit by bit
5.3. The idea: the "exchange — wait" lamp
5.4. Building
5.5. Checking
Lesson 5 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 6. Personal data and the try counter: the card checks the PIN
6.1. The idea: the identity is in transistors
6.2. The idea: tries that are not erased
6.3. Building
6.4. Checking
Lesson 6 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 7. The card program: challenge-response
7.1. The idea: a secret that never leaves
7.2. The idea: a long answer in two commands
7.3. The program
7.4. Checking
Lesson 8. The card — into a chip with 8 legs
8.1. The idea: a card is what is inside
8.2. The idea: two cards — one program
8.3. Building
8.4. Checking
Lesson 8 paste (Cmd+I)
Summary
All the parts
Instructions in pictures
Lesson 0 in pictures
← Back to the lesson: Lesson 0. Gates from transistors: for those who start from scratch
0
Gates (optional)
NOT, NAND, NOR, AND, OR, XOR from transistors
kh
HT-01
NOT
NAND
NOR
AND
OR
XOR
VCC
1×
GND
1×
IN
11×
OUT
6×
P
11×
N
11×
∞
Ctrl
+
G
NOT
NAND
NOR
AND
OR
XOR
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
4
CANVAS
NOT
1
VCC
1×
GND
1×
2×
VCC
VCC
GND
GND
2
IN
1×
OUT
1×
P
1×
N
1×
6×
I0
O0
VCC
O0
G
P
I0
O0
GND
G
N
I0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
5
NOT …
NAND
3
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
NOT
Enter
NOT
I0
O0
4
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
O0
G
P
I0
VCC
O0
G
P
I1
O0
mid
G
N
I0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
6
NAND …
NOR
5
N
1×
3×
mid
GND
G
N
I1
6
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
NAND
Enter
NAND
I0
I1
O0
7
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
mid
G
P
I0
mid
O0
G
P
I1
O0
GND
G
N
I0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
7
NOR …
AND
8
N
1×
3×
O0
GND
G
N
I1
9
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
NOR
Enter
NOR
I0
I1
O0
10
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
n
G
P
I0
VCC
n
G
P
I1
n
mid
G
N
I0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
8
AND …
11
N
2×
P
1×
9×
mid
GND
G
N
I1
VCC
O0
G
P
n
O0
GND
G
N
n
12
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
AND
Enter
AND
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
9
OR
13
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
mid
G
P
I0
mid
n
G
P
I1
n
GND
G
N
I0
14
N
2×
P
1×
9×
n
GND
G
N
I1
VCC
O0
G
P
n
O0
GND
G
N
n
15
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
OR
Enter
OR
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
10
XOR
16
IN
2×
OUT
1×
OR
1×
NAND
1×
AND
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
OR
I0
I0
I1
I1
O0
o
NAND
I0
I0
I1
I1
O0
n
AND
I0
o
I1
n
O0
O0
17
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
XOR
Enter
XOR
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HT-01
11
← Back to the lesson
Lesson 0. Gates from transistors: for those who start from scratch