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Cómo cuenta un procesador
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ES
Contenido
Introduction
History: how machines learned to add
Lesson 1. Gates and the half adder: 1 + 1 = 10
1.1. The idea: adding one digit
1.2. Building
1.3. Check
Lesson 1 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 2. The full adder and 4 bits: the carry runs through the digits
2.1. The idea: column addition
2.2. Building
2.3. Check
Lesson 2 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 3. Negative numbers and subtraction: two's complement
3.1. The idea: numbers on a circle
3.2. Flags
3.3. Building
3.4. Check
Lesson 3 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 4. 8 bits and comparison: CMP is subtraction
4.1. The idea: two halves
4.2. The idea: comparison is subtraction
4.3. Building
4.4. Check
Lesson 4 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 5. The ± calculator: the minus on a lamp, the magnitude on the display
5.1. The idea: the magnitude is one more subtraction
5.2. Building
5.3. Check
Lesson 5 paste (Cmd+I)
Lesson 6 (bonus). Decimal math: add six
6.1. The idea: a digit in four bits
6.2. Why the display is in HEX mode
6.3. Building
How to set the digits
6.4. Check
Lesson 6 paste (Cmd+I)
Summary
All the parts
Instructions in pictures
Lesson 1 in pictures
← Back to the lesson: Lesson 1. Gates and the half adder: 1 + 1 = 10
1
Half adder
gates from transistors, then 1 + 1 = 10
kh
HB-02
1
A0
1
B0
HA
A
B
S
C
C
S
1 + 1 = 10
IN
13×
OUT
8×
P
11×
N
11×
VCC
1×
GND
1×
0
2×
2×
∞
Ctrl
+
G
NOT
NAND
NOR
AND
OR
XOR
HA
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
4
NOT
1
IN
1×
OUT
1×
P
1×
N
1×
6×
I0
O0
VCC
O0
G
P
I0
O0
GND
G
N
I0
2
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
NOT
Enter
NOT
I0
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
5
NAND
3
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
O0
G
P
I0
VCC
O0
G
P
I1
O0
mid
G
N
I0
4
N
1×
3×
mid
GND
G
N
I1
5
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
NAND
Enter
NAND
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
6
NOR
6
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
mid
G
P
I0
mid
O0
G
P
I1
O0
GND
G
N
I0
7
N
1×
3×
O0
GND
G
N
I1
8
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
NOR
Enter
NOR
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
7
AND
9
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
n
G
P
I0
VCC
n
G
P
I1
n
mid
G
N
I0
10
N
2×
P
1×
9×
mid
GND
G
N
I1
VCC
O0
G
P
n
O0
GND
G
N
n
11
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
AND
Enter
AND
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
8
OR
12
IN
2×
OUT
1×
P
2×
N
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
VCC
mid
G
P
I0
mid
n
G
P
I1
n
GND
G
N
I0
13
N
2×
P
1×
9×
n
GND
G
N
I1
VCC
O0
G
P
n
O0
GND
G
N
n
14
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
OR
Enter
OR
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
9
XOR
15
IN
2×
OUT
1×
OR
1×
NAND
1×
AND
1×
9×
I0
I1
O0
OR
I0
I0
I1
I1
O0
o
NAND
I0
I0
I1
I1
O0
n
AND
I0
o
I1
n
O0
O0
16
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
XOR
Enter
XOR
I0
I1
O0
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
10
HA
CANVAS
17
IN
2×
OUT
2×
XOR
1×
AND
1×
6×
A
B
S
C
XOR
I0
A
I1
B
O0
S
AND
I0
A
I1
B
O0
C
18
Ctrl
+
G
Library
…
Chip N
2×
Library
…
HA
Enter
HA
A
B
S
C
19
VCC
1×
GND
1×
0
2×
4×
VCC
VCC
GND
GND
0
A
0
B
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
11
CANVAS …
20
HA
1×
2×
6×
HA
A
A
B
B
S
S
C
C
S
C
0
A0
1
B0
C
S
0 + 1 = 01
1
A0
1
B0
C
S
1 + 1 = 10
© 2026 Daniil Khanin · khanin.info · HB-02
12
← Back to the lesson
Lesson 1. Gates and the half adder: 1 + 1 = 10